Melanoma
Melanoma is much less common than basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers, but it is far more dangerous. It can develop anywhere on the body but most commonly appears on areas that have had exposure to the sun. Melanoma can also form in the eyes and rarely in internal organs. When caught early, melanoma is highly curable; however, if it spreads to other parts of the body, it becomes very difficult to treat. The ABCDE rule helps identify suspicious moles.
Common Subtypes
Key Statistics
Global Context
Incidence rates rising faster than any other cancer; 5-year survival is 99% if caught early, drops to 32% if metastasized.
In India
Relatively rare but acral melanoma (on palms/soles) is more common in darker-skinned populations.
Symptoms
- A new mole or growth on the skin
- A change in an existing mole
- ABCDE signs: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter > 6mm, Evolving
- A mole that itches, bleeds, or doesn't heal
- Dark lesion under nails, on palms, or soles
Risk Factors
- Excessive UV exposure from sun or tanning beds
- Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
- History of sunburns (especially blistering burns in childhood)
- Many moles (more than 50)
- Family history of melanoma
- Weakened immune system
Treatment Options
Wide Local Excision
Surgical removal of the melanoma along with a margin of healthy skin; primary treatment for early-stage melanoma.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Checking if melanoma has spread to nearby lymph nodes to determine staging.
Immunotherapy (Checkpoint Inhibitors)
Drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
BRAF/MEK Targeted Therapy
Drugs for melanomas with BRAF gene mutations that block specific proteins promoting cancer growth.
Prevention & Screening
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.