How Cancer is Found.
If you have a symptom or a screening test result that suggests cancer, the doctor must find out whether it is due to cancer or some other cause. This process is called diagnosis.
The Diagnostic Pathway
Initial Lab Tests & Biomarkers
Blood, urine, and other fluid tests can identify abnormal levels of certain substances.
Advanced Imaging
Sophisticated imaging helps doctors pinpoint the tumor's location and check for spread.
- CT Scan: Cross-sectional 3D images using X-rays.
- MRI: Ideal for soft tissues like the brain and spinal cord.
- PET Scan: Tracks a radioactive tracer to find metabolically active cancer.
- Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves.
Biopsy: The Definitive Step
A biopsy is the only way to confirm a cancer diagnosis. A pathologist examines the tissue sample to identify the specific cell type and grade of the cancer.
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)
A thin needle is used to withdraw cells from a lump.
Core Needle Biopsy
A larger needle removes a cylinder (core) of tissue.
Surgical Biopsy
A surgeon removes part or all of a lump through an incision.
Defining the Extent: Staging
Staging describes the amount and location of cancer in your body. It is the single most important factor in determining your treatment plan and prognosis.
The Detailed TNM Categories
TX: Cannot be measured.
T0: No evidence of primary tumor.
T1, T2, T3, T4: Size/extent of main tumor. The higher the number, the larger the tumor.
NX: Nearby nodes cannot be evaluated.
N0: No cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
N1, N2, N3: Number and location of nodes containing cancer.
MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.
M0: Cancer has not spread to other body parts.
M1: Cancer has spread to distant organs.